Jharkhand Location of Jharkhand Capital Ranchi 23.42° N 85.33° E Largest city Ranchi Abbreviation IN-JH Official languages Hindi Legislature  • Strength  • Governor  • Chief Minister Unicameral 81 Syed Sibtey Razi (list) Arjun Munda (list) Formation 2000-11-15 Area 79,700 km² (15th) Population (2001) 26,909,428 (13th) Density 274/km² Districts 22 Time zone IST (UTC +5:30) Seal of Jharkhand This article needs to be wikified. Please format this article according to the guidelines laid out at Wikipedia:Guide to layout. Please remove this template after wikifying. Jharkhand (झारखंड in Devanagari) is a state in eastern India. It was carved out of the southern part of Bihar state on 2000-11-15. Jharhkand is bordered by the states of Bihar to the north, Uttar Pradesh, Chhattisgarh to the west, Orissa to the south, and West Bengal to the east. The industrial city of Ranchi is its capital. The other major cities, all highly industrialised cities of eastern India, are Jamshedpur, Bokaro,Giridih, and Dhanbad. Jharkhand is also popularly known as Vananchal. The word Vananchal is derived from combination of two Hindi words: Vana meaning "forests", and anchal meaning "area" – thus the word "Vananchal" denotes a land mass covered with forests. Jharkhand is known for its mineral wealth and forestry products together with excellent human resources. Contents 1 History 2 Geography and climate 3 Flora and fauna 4 Demographics 5 Economy 6 Government and politics 7 Administrative districts 8 Language, literature & culture 9 Social infrastructure 9.1 Health 9.2 Education 10 Media 11 See also 12 External links History The demand for a separate Jharkhand state in recent times is traced back to the early 1900s, when Jaipal Singh, [1] the Oxford Captain of the Gold Medal winning Indian Hockey team for the 1928 Olympics and suggested the idea of a separate state consisting of southern districts of Bihar. The idea remained on until 2nd August, 2000, when the Parliament of India passed the Bihar Reorganization Bill to create the state of Jharkhand, and 18 districts of Bihar were carved out to form Jharkhand state on 15th Novemebr, 2000. This was the 28th state of India. However according to some historians there was a distinct geo-political, cultural position accorded to Jharkhand even before the period of Magadha Empire. According to a legend, Raja Jai Singh Deo of Orissa was accepted as the ruler of Jharkhand by its people in the 13th century.The Singh Deo's of Orissa have been very instrumental in the early history of Jharkhand. The local tribal heads had developed into barbaric dictators and could not govern the province with a fair and just hand. The years saw the people of the state approaching more powerful rulers in neighbouring states which were perceived to be having a fair and just governance. This became the turning point in the history of the region wherein rulers from Orissa moved in with their armies and marched on to create states that were governed for the people and involved participation thus ending the barbarism that had marked the region for centuries. The good tribal rulers continued to thrive and were known as the Munda Raja and exist till date. These were regions which are still not ruled by anyone else or if the Munda raja s province is small then they fall under the ambit of a larger state. Thereafter, during the Mughal Empire period, the Jharkhand area was known as Kukara area. After year 1765, this area came under the control of British Empire and was known as "Jharkhand" - the Land of "Jungles" (forests) and "Jharis" (bushes), denoting, in fact, a geographical land mass interspersed with rolling hillocks covered with evergreen forests and criss-crossed by innumerable springs with natural water, sometimes water mass turning into majestic and enchanting flow of water falls thundering down with a sound more musical than the best musical notes. Really, Jharkhand located on Chhota Nagpur Plateau and Santhal Parganas unfolds before mind's eye a haven where one can savour the elegance of nature to the hilt. The subjugation and colonization of Jharkhand region by the British East India Company resulted into spontaneous resistance from the local people. About one hundred years before India’s First War of Independence (1857), adivasis of Jharkhand had repeatedly revolted against the British colonial rule: 1772-1780 Paharia revolt 1780-1785 Tilka Manjhi led the tribal revolt and managed to injure the British army Chief. In 1785, Tilka Manjhi was hanged to death in Bhagalpur 1795-1800 Tamar revolt 1795-1800 Munda revolt under the leadership of Vishnu Manaki 1800-1802 Munda revolt under the stewardship of Dukhan Manaki of Tamar 1819-1820 Munda revolt in Palamu under the leadership of Bhukan Singh 1832-1833 Khewar revolt under the leadership of Bhagirath, Dubai Gosai and Patel Singh 1833-1834 Bhumji revolt under the leadership of Ganga Narain of Birbhum 1855 Santhals waged war against the permanent settlement of Lord Cornwallis 1855-1860 During late 1850s Sidhu had accumulated about ten thousands Santhal to run parallel government against British rule. The basic purpose was to collect taxes by making his own laws. British Government had announced an award of Rs. ten thousand to arrest Sidhu and his brother Kanhu 1856-1857 Martyr Sahid Lal, Vishwanath Shahdeo, Sheikh Bhikhari, Ganpatrai and Budhu Veer led a movement against the British Government during India’s First War of Independence, 1857, also called Sepoy Mutiny 1874 Kherwar Movement shot into fame under the leadership of Bhagirathi Manjhi 1895-1900 Movement against the British raj led by Birsa Munda (born 15th November, 1875). Birsa Munda was captured by British forces and declared dead on 9th June, 1900 in Ranchi Jail, due to Cholera, according to records of the British colonial government. All above cited uprisings againt the British Raj and resistance of 18th and 19th centuries in the Indian state Jharkhand were quelled by the British through massive deployment of troops across the region. In 1914 Tana Bhagat movement started which had the participation of more than 26,000 adivasis, and it got merged with satyagraha and civil disobedience, led by Mahatma Gandhi. Geography and climate Most of the state lies on the Chota Nagpur Plateau, which is the source of the Koel, Damodar, Brahmani, Kharkai, and Subarnarekha rivers, whose upper watersheds lie within Jharkhand. Much of the state is still covered by forest. Forest preserves support populations of tigers and Indian elephants. Soil content of Jharkhand state mainly consist of soil formed from disintegration of rocks and stones, and soil composition is further divided into: Red soil, found mostly in the Damodar valley, and Rajmahal area Micacious soil (containing particles of mica), found in Koderma, Jhumeritilaiya, Barkagaon, and areas around the Mandar hill Sandy soil, generally found in Hazaribagh and Dhanbad Black soil, found in Rajmahal area Laterite soil, found in western part of Ranchi, Palamu, and parts of Santhal Parganas and Singhbhum Flora and fauna Jharkhand has a rich variety of flora and fauna. The National Parks and the Zoological Gardens located in the state of Jharkhand present a panorama of this variety. Betla National Park (Palamu), 25 km from Daltonganj covers an area of about 250 square kilometres. The national park has a large variety of wild life like tigers, elephants, bisons locally called gaurs, sambhars, hundreds of wild boar and 15 to 20 feet long python, herds of spotted deer (cheetals), rabbits and foxes. The mammalian fauna to be seen at Betla National Park also include langurs, rhesus, blue bull and wild boars. The lesser mammals are the porcupine, hare, wild cats, honey badgers, jackals, Malabar giant squirrel and mangoose wolf, antelope, etc. In 1974, the park was declared Project Tiger Reserve. The variety and diversity of flora and fauna found in Jharkhand state may be assessed from the fact that the Project Tiger Reserve of Palamu, is abode to hundreds of species of flora and fauna [2], as indicated within brackets: mammal (39), Snakes (8), Lizards (4), Fish (6), Insects (21), Birds (170), seed bearing Plants and Tress (97) , Shrubs and Herbs (46), Climbers, Parasites and semi-Parasites (25), and Grasses and Bamboo (17). The Hazaribagh Wildlife Sanctuary, with scenic beauties, 135 km from Ranchi, is set in an ecosystem very similar to Betla National Park of Palamu. One Zoological Garden is also located about 16 km from Ranchi, and a number of mammalian fauna have been collected there for visitors. Demographics Jharkhand has a population of 26.90 million, consisting of 13.86 million males and 13.04 million females. The sex ratio is 941 females to 1000 males. The population consists of 28% tribals, 12% Scheduled Castes and 60% others. There are 274 persons for each square kilometer of land. However, the population density varies considerably from as low as 148 per square kilometer in Gumla district to as high as 1167 per square kilometer in Dhanbad district. Jharkhand has remained a home to a number of tribal communities since time immemorial. Some of the districts have a predominant tribal population. Jharkhand has 32 primitive tribal groups.These are Asur, Baiga, Banjara, Bathudi, Bedia, Binjhia, Birhor, Birjia, Chero, Chick-Baraik, Gond, Gorait, Ho, Karmali, Kharwar, Khond, Kisan, Kora, Korwa, Lohra, Mahli, Mal-Paharia, Munda, Oraon, Parhaiya, Santal, Sauria-Paharia, Savar, Bhumij, Kol and Kanwar. The geographical area now comprising Jharkhand was previously part of Bihar. The area has witnessed migration of people from the adjoining areas of Bihar and West Bengal for last several decades. Industrial and mining centres like Jamshedpur, Dhanbad and Ranchi have attracted people from all parts of India. Hinduism, Islam and Christianity are the three religions that came in through the colonisers. The Tribal comunities of Jharkhand have their own spiritual beliefs commonly called Sarna. During the process colonisation the tribal religious beliefs were considered pagan and this was a tool for further subordination. Today the tribal people are realizing this and now Sarna is a growing phenomena. See also: Tribes of Jharkhand Economy Jharkhand is a rich state of poor people. It has concentration of some of country’s highly industrialized cities like Jamshedpur, Bokaro and Dhanbad, and has several firsts in India, including: First Iron & steel factory at Jamshedpur Largest fertilizer factory of its time in India (since shut down) at Sindri Biggest explosives factory at Gomia First methane gas well On the other hand, it has several towns and innumerable villages with sub-standard civic amenities. Urbanization ratio is only 22.25% and the per capita annual income is US$ 90 only. Jharkhand also has immense mineral resources: minerals ranging from (ranking in the country within bracket) from iron ore (1st), coal (3rd), copper ore (1st), mica (1st), bauxite (3rd), Manganese, lime stone, china clay, fire clay, graphite (8th), kainite (1st), chromite (2nd), asbestos (1st), thorium (3rd), yemenite (2nd), sillimanite, uranium (Jaduguda mines, Narwa Pahar) (1st) and even gold (Rakha mines) (6th) and silver and several other minerals. Large deposits of coal and iron ore support concentration of industry, in centers like Jamshedpur, Bokaro and Ranchi. Government and politics The state is headed by a Governor, who is appointed by the President of India. However, the real executive power rests with the Chief Minister and the cabinet. The political party or the coalition of political parties having majority in the Legislative Assembly forms the Government. The administrative head of the State is called Chief Secretary, under whose jurisdiction a hierarchy of officials drawn from the Indian Administrative Service / State Civil Services function. The judiciary is headed by the Chief Justice and Jharkhand has a separate High Court, located in Ranchi. See also:List of political parties in the state Administrative districts The state was formed with 18 districts, which were formerly part of Bihar. Some of these districts were reorganized to form 4 new districts, namely, Latehar, Saraikela Kharsawan, Jamtara and Sahebgunj. Presently, the state has 22 dsitricts Districts of Jharkhand: Ranchi Lohardaga Gumla district Simdega Palamu Latehar Garhwa West Singhbhum Seraikela Kharsawan East Singhbhum Dumka Jamtara Sahebganj Pakur Godda Hazaribagh Chatra Koderma Giridih Dhanbad Bokaro Deoghar See also:District-wise Map Language, literature & culture Jharkhand is home to a number of languages belonging to three major language families. Indo-Aryan languages include Angika, Bhojpuri , Hindi, Urdu and Bengali. Jharkand is also home to the Munda languages, Kudmali, Korku, Santhali, Mundari, Bhumij, Paharia and Ho, and the Dravidian languages Korwa, Oraon, and Sauria Paharia. Social infrastructure Health On account of salubrious climate, Jharkhand, particularly its capital Ranchi, has been like a health resort. As far back as 1918, facilities were set up for treatment of mentally challenged – Central Institute of Psychiatry[3], Ranchi. In certain areas of Jharkhand, poverty and consequently under nutrition, has given rise to diseases like tuberculosis (TB). In fact, TB has assumed epidemic proportions in certain areas of the state. For management and treatment of such diseases, organizations like Ramakrishna Mission through Ramakrishna Mission Tuberculosis Sanatorium[4] (set up in 1948), Ranchi, has been doing exemplary work, and supplementing the efforts of the Government and other agencies. Likewise, in the field of treatment of cancer, Tata Memorial Hospital, Jamshedpur,[5] is rendering pioneering work. Although several public and private health facilities are available in the state, overall infrastructure for dispensing health related services require improvements. Education The literacy rate in Jharkhand is only 54.13% (2001) and female literacy rate is still lower at 39.38%. Jharkhand has a network of government and privately run schools, althogh standard of teaching considerably vary, from place to place, as also from school to school. After 10 years of schooling, students can join 2 years of Intermediate course (or +2 courses) in Arts, Science and Commerce. This is followed by 3 years of degree courses. A number of non-technical colleges are located in bigger cities as well as in small towns. Some students choose to join 3 years diploma courses offered by Industrial Training Institutes (ITIs). Jharkhand has 7 Universities: Ranchi University, Ranchi; Sidhhu Kanhu University, Dumka; Binova Bhave University, Hazaribagh; Birsa Agricultural University, Kanke, Ranchi; Birla Institute of Technology, Ranchi, National Institute of Technology, Jamshedpur and Indian School Of Mines(ISM Dhanbad-Deemed University). There are three medical colleges in Jharkhand namely Rajendra Institute Of Medical Sciences(RIMS) at Ranchi, M.G.M. Medical College Jamshedpur and Patliputra Medical College And Hospital(PMCH) at Dhanbad. The famous b-school Xavier Labour Relations Institute(XLRI) is at Jamshedpur. It's PMIR programme is regarded best in the entire Asia-Pacific region. As the institutions of higher studies fall short of state's requirement, many students, after completing schooling in the state, move away to places like New Delhi, Karnataka and several other locations for higher technical and non-technical studies. Media Hindi newspapers like the Ranchi Express[6] and the Prabhat Khabar[7] are main newspapaers, published from the state capital, Ranchi and are available in almost all parts of the state. All important Indian newspapers, in Hindi, English and Bengali are also available in bigger cities by the afternoon and with a day’s delay in smaller towns. Most of the national magazines in Hindi, English and Bengali are regularly available in bigger cities and at other places supply may be arranged through newspaper vendors. All India Radio is the only radio station in Jharkhand and covers the entire state. Doordarshan, the national television broadcaster, is also available in almost all parts of the state. Bigger cities of Jaharkhand is served by all television channels available in India and channels are received through cable. In some interior regions, channels are received via satellite dishes. Landline telephone connectivity is provided by Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (BSNL),Tata Teleservices(TATA INDICOM) and Reliance Infocomm and covers almost all parts of the state. Cellular service, covering all major centres of the state, is provided by BSNL ,Reliance Telekom and Airtel( GSM Service) and also by Tata Indicom and Reliance Infocomm(CDMA Service) Internet connectivity is available in most of the district headquarters, but broadband connectivity is not widely available. See also List of people from Jharkhand External links Jharkhand State Government Jharkhand eGovernance Portal Jharkhand High Court Jharkhand News and clippings related to Ranchi The Ranchi Express The Prabhat Khabar Jharkhand Mine Areas Coordination Committee Bindrai Institute for Research Study and Action (B.I.R.S.A), Jharkhand Jharkhandi Organisation for Human Rights Website of the Kharia Tribal Community Indian states and territories Andhra Pradesh | Arunachal Pradesh | Assam | Bihar | Chhattisgarh | Goa | Gujarat | Haryana | Himachal Pradesh | Jammu and Kashmir | Jharkhand | Karnataka | Kerala | Madhya Pradesh | Maharashtra | Manipur | Meghalaya | Mizoram | Nagaland | Orissa | Punjab | Rajasthan | Sikkim | Tamil Nadu | Tripura | Uttaranchal | Uttar Pradesh | West Bengal Union territories: Andaman and Nicobar Islands | Chandigarh | Dadra and Nagar Haveli | Daman and Diu | Lakshadweep | Pondicherry National Capital Territory: Delhi da:Jharkhand Search Term: "Jharkhand" Categories: Articles that need to be wikified | Jharkhand | States and territories of India